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Agriculture
and Horticulture Endowment (Sanskrit) Phala, Mula, Pratisthana in Agamas
Dr. P.P. Apte
Retd., Professor, Deccan College, Pune
One of the three classical scriptures of
Vaisnava Agama, viz. Pauskara samhita (henceforth abbreviated as PS) 4th
C, AD, enumerates various endowments and the fruit accrued to the establisher
of each Jnana Pratisthana or Vidyapitha Pratisthäna is obviously an
educational endowment which prescribes for a specially equipped library
hall, likewise Phala, Mula, Anna Pratisthana is an endowment which provides
for a agriculture and horticulture establishment.
The religious urge which serves as the
basis to attract such endowment each " Na annadänät param danam
trisu lokesu vidyate ". The seers of the Pancaratra Agama have given impetus
to the urge of the donors and further they have disciplined the endowment
to promote ecological balance of the world. All the religious endowments
i.e. establishment of monumental temples are supplemented by establishment
of sacred parks and groves. The prescription of Agamas for cultivation
of various species of plants etc. which are favorites of various deities
have contributed a lot in preservation of innumerable botanical species
because of preservation of Devarai owing to the popular sanction. In this
paper the account of PS chapter forty one is proposed to given.
The forty-first chapter of the PS is apparently
composod in a period when copper plate endowments had come to stay. The
broad topic covered in this chapter is entitled as `Nana-dharma-Pratisthana'.
It can be rendered as various religious endowments. The first and the foremost
endowment among these is the `Alaya Pratisthanä or the endowment resulting
in establishment of a temple. According to PS a temple is not just a single
shrine but a temple
complex is called `Pancayatana'. However,
the concept of `Pancayatana ' in Vaisnava fold is not similar to that conceived
in the Pancayatana tradition ascribed to Sankaracarya.Here-in the main
shrine is the Vishnu shrine and subordinate shrines are of the deities
covered in the Vaisnava
fold. Whatever it might be, a temple complex
and the peripheral campus beyond is to be established according to PS with
the help of endowments specified as `Alaya pratisthana, Matha Pratisthana,
Jnana Pratisthana or Vidyapitha Pratisthana and Agrahara Pratisthana and
Phala-mula-Anna Pratisthana.' Matha pratisthana includes the establishment
of a shopping complex, described in PS as `Vanik kutumba bhrtaka yukta'.
The Pratisthana which is supporting the temple complex, the educational
institution, the library and the priestly settlement is called the establishment
for the fruits, the root and the food etc. Apparently; it is a cover term
for the land producing agriculture, horticulture, dairy farm, flower gardens
etc. The purpose of land establishment is to make the religious and the
charitable endowment self supporting. Obviously
the endowment arises out of land grants
donated by kings and rich merchants. There is ample epigraphical evidence
supporting the PS theme.
The topic covered by the PS (41.143-221)
adduces the following logic. No donation is better than the donation of
food in all the three worlds. The gift of food fetches instant satisfaction
for the donor and it gives flavour at the time of production as well as
processing. The creatures are produced out of food and therefore, everything
is dependent on food and whosoever makes an
establishment of food through endowment
promotes establishment of everything. He who makes an endowment of food
remains free from disease and sorrow life long and also remains happy on
this earth, in heaven and also in Brahmaloka. He prospers every moment
with the increase of food shared alongwith wife and sons. He gets respect
which is par excellence and better than the best. His welfare is being
taken care of by the gods, the seers and the siddhas , and they look after
his prosperity and longevity. He attains life long happiness and nourishment
and having satiated by all worldly pleasures in ample quantity. He proceeds
towards the abodes of Narayana in the aeroplane which are resembling the
Moon and which are manufactured by god.
It is further assured that having stayed
for several epochs in heaven and other celestial globe he returns to this
world and gets noblest birth in the family of saints. He is endowed with
all noble qualities and devotion to lord Narayana and continues his devotional
practice and ultimately attains summon bonum : Paramapada. The PS
thereafter, lays down the instructions for the procedure of making of various
endowments. Accordingly for the endowments of various types of wells and
of the cows there is no special ritual. One may take bath and the worship
of god and gift them along with the butter-oil lamp. Similarly, having
prepared a firepit one may lit the fire and perform oblation in hundreds
and thousands with rice and sessamum dipped in ghee. This ritual is for
various
endowments beginning with cattle. The
herd of cows is the main gift towards the welfare of food for the temple
and the temple staff. The endowment of cows is specified by mentioning
that the cows should have the potential of yielding milk : Dugdha dohapradaksamah.
The endowments of the cows is followed by the endowments of bulls. The
bulls which are endowed are to be stamped by the seal of Sudarsana, which
is made of metal and stamped after heating. It is assured that one who
denotes a bull along with Daksina and food attains Brahmaloka. The PS extols
the endowments of the agricultural gifts to support the temple and allied
institutions along with their staff. The importance of the PS references
us that it uses the word 'Pratisthanä which can be easily translated
as endowment. It also mentions the copper-plate grands for land, the temple
and the educational institution. This short and incomplete theme presented
by the PS also draws our attention towards the insigtht of our forefathers
towards maintainance of environment. The PS theme has been developed by
other Samhitas especially'Paramasamhita', which has a full chapter on Vana
: forest and Upavana : forest of eatable fruits and the Udyana : flower
gardens, groves etc.
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