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Agriculture and Horticulture Endowment (Sanskrit) Phala, Mula, Pratisthana in Agamas
Dr. P.P. Apte 

Retd., Professor, Deccan College, Pune 

One of the three classical scriptures of Vaisnava Agama, viz. Pauskara samhita (henceforth abbreviated as PS) 4th C, AD, enumerates various endowments and the fruit accrued to the establisher of each Jnana Pratisthana or Vidyapitha Pratisthäna is obviously an educational endowment which prescribes for a specially equipped library hall, likewise Phala, Mula, Anna Pratisthana is an endowment which provides for a agriculture and horticulture establishment.
The religious urge which serves as the basis to attract such endowment each " Na annadänät param danam trisu lokesu vidyate ". The seers of the Pancaratra Agama have given impetus to the urge of the donors and further they have disciplined the endowment to promote ecological balance of the world. All the religious endowments i.e. establishment of monumental temples are supplemented by establishment of sacred parks and groves. The prescription of Agamas for cultivation of various species of plants etc. which are favorites of various deities have contributed a lot in preservation of innumerable botanical species because of preservation of Devarai owing to the popular sanction. In this paper the account of PS chapter forty one is proposed to given. 
The forty-first chapter of the PS is apparently composod in a period when copper plate endowments had come to stay. The broad topic covered in this chapter is entitled as `Nana-dharma-Pratisthana'. It can be rendered as various religious endowments. The first and the foremost endowment among these is the `Alaya Pratisthanä or the endowment resulting in establishment of a temple. According to PS a temple is not just a single shrine but a temple
complex is called `Pancayatana'. However, the concept of `Pancayatana ' in Vaisnava fold is not similar to that conceived in the Pancayatana tradition ascribed to Sankaracarya.Here-in the main shrine is the Vishnu shrine and subordinate shrines are of the deities covered in the Vaisnava
fold. Whatever it might be, a temple complex and the peripheral campus beyond is to be established according to PS with the help of endowments specified as `Alaya pratisthana, Matha Pratisthana, Jnana Pratisthana or Vidyapitha Pratisthana and Agrahara Pratisthana and Phala-mula-Anna Pratisthana.' Matha pratisthana includes the establishment of a shopping complex, described in PS as `Vanik kutumba bhrtaka yukta'. The Pratisthana which is supporting the temple complex, the educational institution, the library and the priestly settlement is called the establishment for the fruits, the root and the food etc. Apparently; it is a cover term for the land producing agriculture, horticulture, dairy farm, flower gardens etc. The purpose of land establishment is to make the religious and the charitable endowment self supporting. Obviously
the endowment arises out of land grants donated by kings and rich merchants. There is ample epigraphical evidence supporting the PS theme. 

The topic covered by the PS (41.143-221) adduces the following logic. No donation is better than the donation of food in all the three worlds. The gift of food fetches instant satisfaction for the donor and it gives flavour at the time of production as well as processing. The creatures are produced out of food and therefore, everything is dependent on food and whosoever makes an
establishment of food through endowment promotes establishment of everything. He who makes an endowment of food remains free from disease and sorrow life long and also remains happy on this earth, in heaven and also in Brahmaloka. He prospers every moment with the increase of food shared alongwith wife and sons. He gets respect which is par excellence and better than the best. His welfare is being taken care of by the gods, the seers and the siddhas , and they look after his prosperity and longevity. He attains life long happiness and nourishment and having satiated by all worldly pleasures in ample quantity. He proceeds towards the abodes of Narayana in the aeroplane which are resembling the Moon and which are manufactured by god.
It is further assured that having stayed for several epochs in heaven and other celestial globe he returns to this world and gets noblest birth in the family of saints. He is endowed with all noble qualities and devotion to lord Narayana and continues his devotional practice and ultimately attains summon bonum : Paramapada.  The PS thereafter, lays down the instructions for the procedure of making of various endowments. Accordingly for the endowments of various types of wells and of the cows there is no special ritual. One may take bath and the worship of god and gift them along with the butter-oil lamp. Similarly, having prepared a firepit one may lit the fire and perform oblation in hundreds and thousands with rice and sessamum dipped in ghee. This ritual is for various
endowments beginning with cattle. The herd of cows is the main gift towards the welfare of food for the temple and the temple staff. The endowment of cows is specified by mentioning that the cows should have the potential of yielding milk : Dugdha dohapradaksamah. The endowments of the cows is followed by the endowments of bulls. The bulls which are endowed are to be stamped by the seal of Sudarsana, which is made of metal and stamped after heating. It is assured that one who denotes a bull along with Daksina and food attains Brahmaloka. The PS extols the endowments of the agricultural gifts to support the temple and allied institutions along with their staff. The importance of the PS references us that it uses the word 'Pratisthanä which can be easily translated as endowment. It also mentions the copper-plate grands for land, the temple and the educational institution. This short and incomplete theme presented by the PS also draws our attention towards the insigtht of our forefathers towards maintainance of environment. The PS theme has been developed by other Samhitas especially'Paramasamhita', which has a full chapter on Vana : forest and Upavana : forest of eatable fruits and the Udyana : flower gardens, groves etc.
 

 
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